Who Were the Sea People Around Ancient Egypt

The situation regarding the identification of the Sea Peoples is more complicated than you might realize. The major problem is that we only have sketchy written records of their attacks on the established cultures of Egypt and the Near East, and these give only a vague idea of where they came from. Also, as the name suggests, they were a group of distinct peoples of diverse origins, not a single culture. Archaeologists have put some pieces of the puzzle together, but there are still some big gaps in our knowledge of them which will never be filled. How People of the Sea Came to Be   The Egyptians originally coined the name Peoples of the Sea for the foreign contingents that the Libyans brought in to support their attack on Egypt in c. 1220 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Merneptah. In the records of that war, five Sea Peoples are named: the Shardana, Teresh, Lukka, Shekelesh and Ekwesh, and are collectively referred to as northerners coming from all lands. The evidence for their exact origins is extremely sparse, but archaeologists specializing in this period have proposed the following: The Shardana may have originated in northern Syria, but later moved to Cyprus and probably eventually ended up as the Sardinians. The Teresh and Lukka were probably from western Anatolia and may correspond to the ancestors of the later Lydians and Lycians, respectively. However, the Teresh may also have been the people later known to the Greeks as the Tyrsenoi, i.e., the Etruscans, and already familiar to the Hittites as the Taruisa, which latter is suspiciously similar to the Greek Troia. We  wont speculate on how this fits in with the Aeneas legend. The Shekelesh may correspond to the Sikels of Sicily. The Ekwesh have been identified with the Ahhiyawa of Hittite records, who were almost certainly Achaean Greeks colonizing the western coast of Anatolia, as well as the Aegean Islands, etc. During the Reign of Pharaoh Rameses III In Egyptian records of the second wave of Sea Peoples attacks in c. 1186 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses III, the Shardana, Teresh, and Shekelesh are still considered to be a menace, but new names also appear: the Denyen, Tjeker, Weshesh, and Peleset. An inscription mentions that they made a conspiracy in their islands, but these may have only been temporary bases, not their actual homelands. The Denyen probably originally came from northern Syria (perhaps where the Shardana had once lived), and the Tjeker from the Troad (i.e., the area around Troy) (possibly via Cyprus). Alternatively, some have associated the Denyen with the Danaoi of the Iliad, and even the tribe of Dan in Israel. Little is known about the Weshesh, though even here there is a tenuous link to Troy. As you may know, the Greeks sometimes referred to the city of Troy as Ilios, but this may have evolved from the Hittite name for the region, Wilusa, via the intermediate form Wilios. If the people called Weshesh by the Egyptians were indeed the Wilusans, as has been speculated, then they may have included some genuine Trojans, though this is an extremely tenuous association. Finally, of course, the Peleset eventually became the Philistines and gave their name to Palestine, but they too probably originated somewhere in Anatolia. Linked to Anatolia In summary then, five of the nine named Sea Peoples - the Teresh, Lukka, Tjeker, Weshesh, and Peleset - can plausibly be linked to Anatolia (albeit somewhat inconclusively), with the Tjeker, Teresh, and Weshesh being possibly linked to the vicinity of Troy itself, though nothing can be proven and theres still much controversy about the exact locations of ancient states in that region, let alone the ethnic identity of the inhabitants. Of the other four Sea Peoples, the Ekwesh are probably the Achaean Greeks, and the Denyen may be the Danaoi (though probably arent), while the Shekelesh are the Sicilians and the Shardana were probably living in Cyprus at the time, but later became the Sardinians. Thus, both sides in the Trojan War may be represented among the Sea Peoples, but the impossibility of obtaining precise dates for the fall of Troy and the raids of the Sea Peoples makes it difficult to work out exactly how they are connected.

Communications Methods - 1409 Words

Communications Methods Shawnita Robinson HCS/320 July 8, 2013 Teresa Shook, MS, RT Abstract This paper will address different types of communication methods for a national drug manufacturer who has reports of significant negative effects caused by one of the medications that is used by a significant population. This paper will identify the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication and the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication. As the Communications Coordinator for this nationwide pharmaceutical company, we will need to brainstorm and talk about how we will address the negative consequences that our†¦show more content†¦Healthcare Professional Sheets are intended to provide adequate factual information to address potential questions from patients and facilitate a healthcare professional’s consideration of the drug safety issue. As with the PHAs, FDA continues to collect input on the usefulness of these communications through a variety of feedback mechanisms, and anticipates that health care professional communications will continue to evolve (Seligman, 2009). Other Methods of Communication. FDA continues to explore other methods of making its written communications more effective, as well as the use of other media such as podcasts, video broadcasts and conference calls, to disseminate drug safety information (Seligman, 2009). The FDA has a critical role in the detection and management of safety issues that are identified after a drug is approved, including a critical role in communicating information to the public. The actions taken depend on the characteristics of the adverse events, the frequency of the reports, the seriousness of the diseases or conditions for which the drug provides a benefit, the availability of alternative therapies, and the consequences of not treating the disease. Our goal, regardless of the communication tool employed, is to make the most up-to-date drug safety information available to the public in aShow MoreRelatedMethods of Communication730 Words   |  3 PagesMethods of Communication Jamey L. Brown University of Phoenix People communicate in many different ways. There is verbal and non-verbal communication. Communication between genders is another challenge that we face, as well as people from other cultural backgrounds. For team work in the work place to work we must face these challenges and learn how to overcome them. There are three functions to verbal communication in groups, task ordering, process orientation, and narrative (HarrisRead MoreA Presentation On Communication Methods1619 Words   |  7 Pagespresentation on Communication Methods. Now that Trusty Homes has branched out into our own insurance department, providing contents and property insurance to its homeowners and landlord’s, it is essential that as a brand we have a clear understanding on not only what communication means but importantly what good communication can mean for our business! We use communication methods every day without even considering it, in fact just attending this presentation is demonstrating one medium of communication youRead MoreTechnology And Methods Of Communication1783 Words   |  8 PagesHas technology and methods of communication made academic achievement easier for students and are they ready for the world of work? Discuss This essay will address technology and methods of communication and if they have helped students develop the necessary skills that are needed for the world of work. 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Rapid development in the technology field caused evolution of electronic communication and we started to develop better and faster tools and methods to communicate withRead MoreCommunication Methods At Diageo Communication Portfolio3157 Words   |  13 Pages Diageo Communication portfolio Author: Durham University Communication Portfolio Instructor: 11 January 2015 Table of Contents Company Overview 4 Communication Methods at Diageo 4 Recommended Communication Techniques 6 Appraisal 8 Creative Element 11 References 13 Introduction Due to stiff competition, marketing has become an essential component in the management of organizations. According to Turnbull and Paliwoda (2012) marketing revolves around the manner in which organisations communicateRead MoreThe Different Methods Of Communication1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn general, there are two different methods of communication. First, verbal messages occur face to face, by telephone, in writing and via computer assistance (Payne). 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The “math wars” Free Essays

string(89) " of generic drug products on the market have expanded exponentially† \(Coster, John M\." Aside from the requisites of drug manufacturing, a drug company must also have the knowledge on the legal aspect of the pharmaceutical business. A company must be able to know what agencies of the government he has to seek advice from before it undergoes the manufacturing process in order to have a good start. Relative to this, the company needs to know which regulates the safety and efficacy of the drugs to be manufactured and which agency protects the rights of the manufacturer and the consumers against illicit drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on The â€Å"math wars† or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will discuss the basic responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Agency including the approval process of manufacturing a generic drug copy. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is generally responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs for human and veterinary use. FDA’s 1mission statement specifically states that the administration â€Å"is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. † This will then give us the idea why FDA need to regulate drugs, and that is to ensure that they are safe and effective. The administration is also held responsible for ensuring that the drugs have information that is honest and accurate for the general public to use. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Drug Enforcement Administration for the United States) is primarily responsible for the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Laws and Regulations. In the United States, DEA is under the wing of the Department of Justice, where it serves as an arm of the justice against the 2those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States. The DEA’s drugs of concern include: Cocaine, marijuana, heroin, inhalants, LSD, Ecstasy, Steroids, Oxycontin and Methamphetamine. The following list of specific responsibilities is adopted by this writer from the DEA’s official website: Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels. Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens through fear and intimidation. Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information. Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to be used for illicit drug trafficking. Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances. Coordination and cooperation with federal, state and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources. Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through nonenforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and training of foreign officials. Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U. S. Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries. Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters relating to international drug control programs. DEA’S PROGRAMS AND OPERATIONS Drug Enforcement Agency also updates its programs and operations according to the demand of technology and the development of new methods of illicit drug operations. Recent report published in the KT4 Online alerted the public on the emergence of illegal websites that are bringing prescription drugs out into the market (KT4 Online, August 24, 2007). The DEA reported that such websites are able to market their products using just credit cards as payment modes. The agency now referred the so-called â€Å"rogue pharmacies† to the congress for the legislation of a more formidable law for such illegal and dangerous activities, which are regulated because such companies do not meet the standards set by the United States. Even medicinal or herbal plants that are not yet studied or regulated under the law is also under the responsibility of the DEA to study and made research relative to its danger in the human health. In Utah, a native plant called salvia divinorium, has been put into attention by the Hill Air Force Base which according to initial findings can cause hallucinations. In the report published in the Salt Lake Tribune, â€Å"magic mint† as its street name, is ingested or inhaled usually by the members of the military and the people inside the base (Salt Lake Tribune, August 20, 2007). The herbal plant is still legal as it is still under research by the DEA. Experts also say that the plant that grows in the wilds of Utah can cause lung irritation when its dried leaves are inhaled. LAWS AND POLICIES GOVERNING GENERIC DRUGS The regulations pertaining to generics drugs are under the responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration. Under the law, pharmaceutical companies or drug manufacturers have all the right to apply for a generic copy of their branded drugs. It can also be that a manufacturer seeks for a license from the brand name company to make a generic copy of the branded product. A generic copy of the drug is called â€Å"authorized generics† because the branded product manufacturer had given the authority to the manufacturer of the generic drug copy. However, these generic copied have to undergo the legal process that is regulated by the FDA. It is the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Waxman-Hatch Act, which is being used as a legal basis for FDA for regulating generic drug copies. â€Å"Since the law was enacted over 23 years ago, the number of generic manufacturers and number of generic drug products on the market have expanded exponentially† (Coster, John M. You read "The â€Å"math wars†" in category "Papers" 2007). The law allows a generic drug that is a generic copy of the pioneer drug to be approved by FDA to be marketed by the same company. This is even without the submission of the usual New Drug Application (NDA) that is submitted in full when a branded product is being applied for marketing. The NDA is usually a time-consuming and expensive clinical trials required to be done by the drug manufacturer in order to comply with the safety and efficacy standards required of them. With the Waxman-Hatch Act, NDA is being replaced with the submission of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) provided that the generic copy has demonstrated the fact that it is bioequivalent to the pioneer drug (J. Coster, The Pharmacist, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007). This process allows the generic copy to be approved for marketing the easier and faster way because it does not to prove its safety and effectiveness through trials since the pioneer drug had already proven such. For the ANDA of the generic drug to be approved, its pioneer drug must have the four required certifications: (1) that no patent is listed for the pioneer drug; (2) that the patent has expired; (3) the date on which the patent will expire; or (4) that the patent is invalid or not infringed. Such information is listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, a reference for the pharmacists in determining the interchangeability of the drugs. Just recently, the Waxman-Hatch Act has been replaced with 3McCain-Schumer Act, after its authors Senators John McCain and Charles E. Schumer. The main feature of the new act is the changing of the 180-day exclusivity term of the first generic drug copy to only the 30-day term. Exclusivity, in the old law is granted for the manufacturer of the generic drug to market the product exclusively within 180 days that is for the manufacturer who first secured the FDA’s approval of the generic copy. With the new law, exclusivity term is shortened for the purpose of further price reduction of the generic drugs as competition is encouraged after the 30-day term. It is estimated, according to Schumer’s study that the new law will enable consumers to save 60% of their usual expense when buying branded drugs and that will give consumers a total of $71 billion savings in 10 years (Bash, Dana, CNN Online, May 01, 2001). Schumer cited Claritin, a prescription allergy drug as example which costs an average of $63. 65 while its generic equivalent will only cost $25. 46. Generally, the new law is of great help for the Americans in terms of their medical expenditures. CONCLUSION By looking into the basic responsibilities and functions of the FDA and DEA, we were able to have an idea of the basic legal aspect of drug manufacturing and marketing. Also by having an overview of the laws governing generic copy manufacturing, we were able to have the basic knowledge of how the approval process rolls. In general we can conclude that the legal process of drug manufacturing and marketing is really a long and expensive process for the companies especially for the branded or patented drugs. However with the Schumer-McCain Act, the process is shortened and had benefited especially the consumers for enabling the cheaper version of their branded medicine to be marketed. REFERENCES 1FDAs Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/opacom/morechoices/mission. html 2DEA Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. usdoj. gov/dea/agency/mission. htm 3Senate Passes Ground-Breaking Schumer-McCain Generic Drug Bill (Press Release). July 31, 2002. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://schumer. senate. gov/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR01124. html Bash, Dana. McCain, Schumer introduce generic drug bill. CNN Online. May 01, 2001. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://archives. cnn. com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/05/01/senate. genericdrugs/index. html Coster, John M. The Waxman-Hatch Generic Drug Law: 23 Years Later. The Pharmacist. June 19, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 6 Griffith, Christopher, et. al. (2002). View from Washington: Senate approves changes in generic-drug approval. Leydig, Voit Mayer, Ltd. Report. October 2002. Volume 3 Issue 4 Colonel bans use of ‘magic mint’ herb. Salt Lake Tribune. August 20, 2007. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. sltrib. com/News/ci_6668009 Federal Authorities Warn Against Online Rogue Pharmacies. KT4 Online. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. ktiv. com/News/index. php? ID=16295 What FDA Regulates. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/comments/regs. html There has always been a debate on whether the mathematics be taught should be the old basics or the standards reformed mathematics. Basic mathematics primarily comprises arithmetic and computation. This is just simple mathematics which involves solving simple equation and memorizing formulas. Basic mathematic also comprises the following list t o f items. There is the accurate counting to 100 or more, mastery of basic facts for all four operations, pencil and paper computation skills with hole numbers, decimals and fractions and solving percent problems. Other aspect includes the knowing and using formulas for area and perimeter of basic shapes. Though the above list is a bit simplified its basic position is that kids only get to know some basic stuff. Basic mathematics can also be referred to as trivial pursuit mathematics meaning that children are to know the content not the practicability (John, 1999). On the other hand reform mathematics has higher level of difficulty and has set five goals. These are that students should value mathematics, be confident in the ability to do mathematics and become mathematics problem solvers. They should as well be able to communicate well mathematically and learn to reason mathematically. It involves the four basic process standards which are problem solving, communication, reasoning, and connections. It entails gearing the children to develop the ability to think than just memorizing the mathematics concepts. Those who believe in the reform mathematics talk about mathematical power, the ability to reason and solve unique problems (John, 1999). It is important to note that even if the two approaches appear to differ there are some things they share in. Benefits and demerits of basics Basic mathematics requires teacher centered approach which involves teaching the mathematics through drill and practice. However in this way the children can end up not being intrinsically motivated. This prevents them from learning mathematics facts and how to connect to the real world. Furthermore the approach is essentially teacher directed, and structured only for basic skills instructions. This approach comes with advantages and disadvantages as far as basic mathematics teaching is concerned. One of the advantages is that, it is clear that for learning to be effective there must be a knowledge source and this is what the teacher act as. The teachers have attained their unifications and expertise from colleges and universities to become experts in their fields. In this reasoning it’s convenient to involve to someone who is already an expertise in the field to impart that knowledge in the students. For example according to Kelly, if the students have a question on atopic raised by the text book, the teacher is present ton as the expert to answer the question (Kelly, 2004). Other benefits include good planning and execution of knowledge passing process and good discipline. The disadvantage of this style is that no one can predict which parts of the information the student has learned will eventually become obsolete or incorrect, what the student will forget, or what new information he will need to know in the future (Howard, 1980). Furthermore according to Howard in some cases the students can obtain a false security if they believe that, once information ins dispensed and a cognitive framework provide the student will incorporate the information, recognize where and when it could and should be applied when time comes. One great disadvantages of this method is that a strong investment in the style can lead to rigid, standardized, and less flexible ways of managing students and their concerns (Howard, 1908). This acts as huge impediment to development and self discovery within the student. This huge impediment has been seen as the greatest drawback for this style of administering knowledge. The benefits and demerits of reform mathematics style According the student center online answers, the best approach of teaching mathematics should stress active, student centered learning in real life context (student center). This may help in making the concepts more understandable and interesting. This therefore calls for the student knowing the crafts before they can apply them and that is where the basic mathematics comes handy. The reform mathematics takes the student centered approach of learning. This involves instructions where by the students actively create knowledge for themselves. It consists of group learning, inquiry, and humanistic learning activities (student center). This method has additional advantages both to the student and the teacher some which are enlisted below. To begin with the student would develop learning and knowledge that will help them throughout their life. In this method students always discover that learning is fun and interesting. Furthermore, through this method teachers always have less traditional work. This is more prominent in the upper class levels where the students are mature enough. The student gets to be more attentive and willing to participate in the class activities. In this way there is a reduction in the number of complaints about fairness and unequal treatment. When student carry out research and group works they generate a lot of information that the teacher may add to his collection of information. However this method also comes with some disadvantages. It poses a problem when it comes to evaluation in that this has to be individualized. Providing one test for the whole class has to be abandoned. Every student has to be evaluated based on his or her goals. One other big disadvantage of this method is that there some student who do not relate well with it in spite the teachers best efforts. Such scenario is always more prevalent in the lower classes levels even though it can also be found in the upper classes. The other demerit is that the students’ always have to work in groups. There occur complaints about being put in teams. However the complaints get to seize as the student get to understand that it is what the real world is like. Under some circumstances student may find it hard to work in teams since most of them have never had the experience of team work. Conclusion It is important to note for the reformed mathematics, the fact that it takes the student centered learning method gives it an upper hand as method of teaching mathematics. In fact students do appreciate the real world experience eve when they do not like them that much (daymalyn, 2009). This is therefore more appropriate and practical than the basics math which would d lead to rigidity and less development of the kids as well as new advancement in the mathematics fields. References Howard S Robyn M. (1980), Problem Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education, Springer Publishing Company, ISBN 0826128416, 9780826128416. Daymalyn (2009), Disadvantages and disadvantages of student center learning, Accessed on August 7, 2010, from http://wwwemmalynombayan-daymalyn. blogspot. com/2009/09/advantages-and- disadvantages-of-student. html John A. (1999), Reform Mathematics Vs. The Basics: Understanding the Conflict and Dealing with It Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://mathematicallysane. com/analysis/reformvsbasics. asp Kelly K. (2004), the â€Å"Math Wars†, a Short Analysis, Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://www. newfoundations. com/ConAnalysis/KellyMathWars. html Student center, Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://www. abacon. com/woolfolk7/faq. html How to cite The â€Å"math wars†, Papers

Comentario de Textos Essay Example For Students

Comentario de Textos Essay La perseverancia de Marcial al mantenerse fiel a sus ideales  «Seà ±or Marcial -dijo à ©sta con redoblado furor: -si quiere usted ir a la escuadra a que le den la à ºltima mano, puede embarcar cuando quiera; pero lo que es este no irà ¡. -Bueno -contestà ³ el marinero, que se habà ­a sentado en el borde de una silla, ocupando sà ³lo el espacio necesario para sostenerse-: irà © yo solo. El demonio me lleve, si me quedo sin echar el catalejo a la fiesta. » Despuà ©s aà ±adià ³ con expresià ³n de jà ºbilo:  «Tenemos quince navà ­os, y los francesitos veinticinco barcos. Si todos fueran nuestros, no era preciso tanto  ¡Cuarenta buques y mucho corazà ³n embarcado! » Como se comunica el fuego de una mecha a otra que està ¡ cercana, asà ­ el entusiasmo que irradià ³ del ojo de Marcial encendià ³ los dos, ya por la edad amortiguados, de mi buen amo.  «Pero el Seà ±orito -continuà ³ Medio-hombre-, traerà ¡ muchos tambià ©n. Asà ­ me gustan a mà ­ las funciones: mucha madera donde mandar balas, y mucho jumo de pà ³lvora que caliente el aire cuando hace frà ­o. » Se me habà ­a olvidado decir que Marcial, como casi todos los marinos, usaba un vocabulario formado por los mà ¡s peregrinos terminachos, pues es costumbre en la gente de mar de todos los paà ­ses desfigurar la lengua patria hasta convertirla en caricatura. Observando la mayor parte de las voces usadas por los navegantes, se ve que son simplemente corruptelas de las palabras mà ¡s comunes, adaptadas a su temperamento arrebatado y enà ©rgico, siempre propenso a abreviar todas las funciones de la vida, y especialmente el lenguaje. Oyà ©ndoles hablar, me ha parecido a veces que la lengua es un à ³rgano que les estorba.† El fragmento a tratar pertenece a la obra Trafalgar, escrita por Benito Pà ©rez Galdà ³s, quien nacià ³ en Espaà ±a en el aà ±o 1843. Él es considerado el mayor representante de la novela realista del siglo XIX. Esta obra pertenece al gà ©nero narrativo y nos narra los sucesos que acontecieron en la batalla de Trafalgar. Este fragmento està ¡ ubicado al inicio del cuarto capà ­tulo de la obra. El fragmento narra la discusià ³n entre Marcial y doà ±a Francisca respecto a la decisià ³n ir a la guerra a presenciar la batalla de Trafalgar. Las palabras de Marcial entusiasmaron a don Alonso a seguirle en esta aventura. El aspecto escogido es la perseverancia, que es la â€Å"Constancia en la virtud y en mantener la gracia hasta la muerte†. Es importante seà ±alar que Marcial mantuvo firme su resolucià ³n de ir a la guerra y no permitià ³ que doà ±a Francisca le hiciera cambiar de parecer. Por estos motivos es pertinente el tema elegido: â€Å"La perseverancia de Marcial al mantenerse fiel a sus ideales†. El fragmento està ¡ dividido en tres partes: la firmeza de Marcial al no cambiar su resolucià ³n, la fidelidad de Marcial hacia su patria y la Armada Espaà ±ola, y el entusiasmo de los ancianos de ir a la guerra. Existe tambià ©n un à ºltimo pà ¡rrafo que no està ¡ ligado al tema del fragmento, sino que sirve como un pà ¡rrafo aclaratorio el cual nos habla sobre la deformacià ³n de la lengua (espaà ±ola) por parte de los marineros. El primer apartado trata sobre la firmeza de Marcial al no cambiar su resolucià ³n y va de la là ­nea 1 a la là ­nea 4. Esta primera parte del fragmento trata sobre una discusià ³n entre doà ±a Francisca y Marcial respecto a la resolucià ³n de à ©ste de ir a la guerra. En esa discusià ³n ella toma una posicià ³n negativa, frente a la decisià ³n de Marcial, y prohà ­be a su esposo, don Alonso, que le acompaà ±e en esta aventura. Es importante seà ±alar que doà ±a Francisca toma una postura negativa debido a que ella siente un gran miedo a que su marido vaya a la guerra y nunca mà ¡s regrese. Esta postura es comprensible debido a que ella ama a don Alonso y teme que à ©l muera en combate. Por otro lado, Marcial mantiene una postura firme y optimista respecto a su ida a la guerra y establece que preferirà ­a arriesgar su propia vida antes que faltar a la gran batalla. Se entiende que Marcial actà ºe de esta manera debido a que el siempre fue un gran marinero y tiene un gran sentido de patriotismo en su anciano corazà ³n. Finalmente doà ±a Francisca resuelve que si Marcial desea ir a la guerra nadie se lo impedirà ­a, pero que su marido no irà ­a junto a à ©l. El autor expresa estas ideas mediante el uso de algunas figuras literarias. En primer lugar se puede apreciar un epà ­teto, en la primera là ­nea, que expresa la ferocidad de la discusià ³n entre Marcial y doà ±a Francisca, al atribuir el adjetivo â€Å"redoblado† al sustantivo â€Å"fulgor†. Tambià ©n se puede apreciar una metonimia cuando doà ±a Francisca le dice que es de gran peligro ir a la guerra, al nombrar el sustantivo â€Å"muerte† mediante la expresià ³n â€Å"le den la à ºltima mano†, los cuales tienen una relacià ³n de sucesià ³n. Por à ºltimo se puede apreciar una imprecacià ³n cuando Marcial dirige una maldicià ³n a si mismo, al decir que à ©l irà ­a a la guerra aunque fuera su à ºltimo accià ³n, al decir â€Å"el demonio me l leve, si me quedo sin echar el catalejo a la fiesta†. .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .postImageUrl , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:hover , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:visited , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:active { border:0!important; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:active , .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61cc8463803276faabaa84d20a7e5a6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hawaii, with an area of 28,313 sq. km (10,932 sq. EssayEl segundo apartado habla sobre la fidelidad de Marcial hacia su patria y la Armada Espaà ±ola y va de la là ­nea 5 a la là ­nea 7. En esta segunda parte del fragmento Marcial expresa su confianza y su fidelidad hacia la fuerza marà ­tima de Espaà ±a, y tambià ©n expresa el desprecio que el siente hacia las tropas francesas. Tambià ©n es importante resaltar la fidelidad de Marcial hacia la decisià ³n que à ©l tomà ³ al seguir hablando sobre la guerra. Para expresar estas ideas el autor utiliza la exclamacià ³n, al expresar un sentimiento exaltado frente al nà ºmero de buques que pertenecen a la armada combi nada y a su seguridad de alcanzar la victoria en la batalla. Tambià ©n se puede apreciar la utilizacià ³n de una sinà ©cdoque para nombrar a los tripulantes de los navà ­os, al nombrar el sustantivo â€Å"hombres† con el sustantivo â€Å"corazà ³n†, debido a su relacià ³n de coexistencia. El tercer apartado habla sobre el entusiasmo de los ancianos de ir a la guerra y va desde la là ­nea 8 hasta la là ­nea 11. Esta parte del fragmento trata sobre la alegrà ­a infundida en el alma de los ancianos y el entusiasmo de ellos al pensar en la gloria de las batallas. Se puede apreciar que Marcial y don Alonso, aunque ancianos, tienen un espà ­ritu juvenil en su interior, listo para ir al combate. Es comprensible esta reaccià ³n en los ancianos ya que muchas veces las personas sienten alegrà ­a o un gran impulso por hacer algo que aà ±oran, sin importar la edad o la fuerza de su cuerpo. Marcial expresa tambià ©n su confianza en que ellos saldrà ¡n victoriosos de ese encuentro. Para expresar estas ideas el autor utiliza un sà ­mil al comparar el sustantivo â€Å"entusiasmo† con el sustantivo â€Å"fuego†, mediante el nexo â€Å"como†, es decir compara la forma en que se contagia una llama, con la forma en que se contagia el entusiasmo en la mirada de Marcial y don Alonso. El autor recurre tambià ©n a la antonomasia al llamar al comandante de la armada inglesa, Nelson, con el sustantivo â€Å"Seà ±orito†, cuando hace referencia a la inferioridad de à ©stos frente a los espaà ±oles. Por à ºltimo se puede resaltar la utilizacià ³n de una metonimia, cuando habla sobre la destruccià ³n de los navà ­os ingleses, al nombrar el sustantivo â€Å"barcos† con el sustantivo â€Å"madera†, con el cual tiene una relacià ³n de sucesià ³n. El apartado final trata sobre la deformacià ³n de la lengua (espaà ±ola) por parte de los marineros y va desde la là ­nea 12 hasta la 17. Esta parte del fragmento no tiene relacià ³n al tema planteado, debido a que no es mà ¡s que un pà ¡rrafo aclaratorio, que sirve de parà ©ntesis para explicar sobre el vocabulario vulgar utilizado por los marineros. Que este pà ¡rrafo no està © ligado al tema no lo hace menos importante que los demà ¡s, por eso es necesario hacer un anà ¡lisis de à ©ste. En este pà ¡rrafo el autor expresa la forma en la que los marineros van deformando su lengua hasta llegar al punto de crear nuevas palabras, las cuales con el pasar del tiempo se convierten en palabras de la jerga de las personas. Para expresar estas ideas el autor utiliza un epà ­teto cuando habla sobre los tà ©rminos utilizados en el vocabulario de la gente del mar, al atribuir el adjetivo â€Å"peregrinos† al sustantivo â€Å"terminachos†. Se puede apreciar otro epà ­teto al hablar sobre la forma de ser de los marineros al atribuir al sustantivo â€Å"temperamento†, los adjetivos â€Å"arrebatado y enà ©rgico†. Finalmente se puede resaltar una sinestesia cuando el autor dice que Gabriel podà ­a ver sonidos, mediante el verbo â€Å"observar† y al sustantivo â€Å"voces†. La perseverancia de Marcial es una parte fundamental del fragmento ya que es por esta cualidad, de Marcial, que finalmente à ©l, don Alonso y Gabriel parten hacia la guerra de Trafalgar para presenciar el gran combate marà ­timo. A lo largo de todo nuestro texto se ve como Marcial persevera con sus ideales de patriotismo y declara que Espaà ±a es superior a su aliado, Francia, y a su enemigo, Inglaterra; en el à ¡mbito naval y en su unidad territorial. Es importante resaltar tambià ©n la aparicià ³n de un à ºltimo pà ¡rrafo que no està ¡ unido al resto del texto, pero que de igual manera, es de suma importancia para el comentario de el texto. El texto resulta agradable gracias a la unià ³n de los temas histà ³ricos con la gran capacidad creadora de Benito Pà ©rez Galdà ³s. Tambià ©n cabe mencionar que el uso de los recursos literarios marca de gran manera la obra y da un sentido mà ¡s poà ©tico a à ©sta. Finalmente esta virtud de Marcial nos demuestra que si una pers ona persevera y se mantiene fiel a sus ideales, siempre va a alcanzar sus objetivos.